One of Mother Nature Cambodia's most successful strategies has been to use social media, chiefly our own Facebook page 'Mother Nature Cambodia', to highlight and expose the corruption, human rights abuses and environmental destruction that usually comes hand in hand with so-called development projects by the authoritarian government of Hun Sen. The main reasons we started producing our own stuff back in 2013 were simple: most mainstream media outlets did not dare report on the issues we were working on, and the few independent outlets that existed - most of whom have been since shuttered by the regime, sadly - did not have the resources to visit the remote areas where we usually work. So we decided to create an opportunity out of this seemingly insurmountable obstacle: to produce our own stuff. Our videos, a mixture of thorough investigation and short and easy-to-digest messages presented by our brave activists as well as citizens from all walks of life, have been viewed over 20 million times, and shared more than a million times, and that's just since 2015. This is a most remarkable achievement for several reasons: a) as anyone with experience in producing videos knows, it is not easy to produce stuff that is attractive to the general public; b) the risks associated to filming and speaking on videos in Cambodia can be high, with arbitrary arrests and even jail time not at all unusual (as some of our activists can sadly vouch for); A lot of our videos are regularly picked up by the media, politicians, NGOs, etc, and have in many cases forced the Phnom Penh regime to publicly respond (not an easy feat in Cambodia by any means), for instance by backtracking on key decisions, or by putting an end to certain destructive practices. Not just that, but we are proud to say that many young people have told us that they find the videos inspirational, and that they too want to get involved in social justice and environmental protection.
For videos from other years, see: 2016&2017 /2018 /2019 & 2020 / 2021 & 2022
To get a better idea of the high impact of our videos, mentioning number of Likes, Shares, Comments, etc, watch them on our Facebook page (link next to each video's description). Also do note that as many FB pages pick up and 're-post' our videos on their own pages, the true scale of our videos is much higher than what is depicted in our page.
Blaming climate change for pollution sounds like an excuse. Please take responsibility, compensate the fishermen, and restore the ecosystem affected by your factory’s pollution."
Li Yong Phat evades the law—does the government rely on him or benefit from him?
Meanwhile, ordinary citizens protecting the environment are imprisoned for 6-8 years.
Release our friends!
The mango processing factory continues to discharge chemicals into the Krang Art River without regard for the health of the citizens, while the authorities have yet to take any action.
Location: Stung Samraong Village, Ou Bak Roteh Commune, Kampong Seila District, Preah Sihanouk Province.
#Yim_Leang_Hy "Do not be discouraged, because the main intention of putting me in prison is to demoralize the youth and the people. The intention is to tell them not to care about the environment, empowerment or social justice. If we are discouraged, if my absence has an effect, if everyone is afraid, it means that evil can still happen in Cambodia. It means that our next generation will become a victim, like me and everyone else who is suffering today."
#FreePhuonKeoRaksmey #FreeLongKunthea #FreedomYimLeangHy #FreeThonRatha #FreeLyChandaravuth #FreeEnvironmentalActivist
ឡុង គន្ធា ជាមនុស្សដែលត្រូវបានគេយកទៅកែប្រែជាលើកទី២ !! ⚠️⚠️⚠️
#ដោះលែងសកម្មជនបរិស្ថាន #ដោះលែងលីចាន់ដារ៉ាវុត #ដោះលែងភួនកែវរស្មី #ដោះលែងថុនរដ្ឋា #ដោះលែងយីមលាងហ៊ី #ដោះលែងឡុងគន្ធា
ជារដ្ឋមន្រ្តីក្រសួងបរិស្ថានប៉ុនណាណី មិនមានជំនាញបរិស្ថានផង មកស្រែកក្ដែងៗឲ្យសកម្មជនបរិស្ថានត្រូវមានជំនាញ?
ពួកយើងជាសកម្មជនបរិស្ថាន ការពារធនធានធម្មជាតិតាមរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញដែលបានចែង ហើយឥទ្ធិពលរបស់យើងគឺវាស់វែងដោយសកម្មភាព មិនមែនជំនាញ ឬវិញ្ញាបនបត្រនោះទេ!!
ប្រសិនបើកោះកុងក្រៅក្លាយទៅជាកោះឯកជន តើពុកម៉ែបងប្អូនមានលទ្ធភាពទៅលេងដែរឬទេ?
#កោះកុងក្រៅ
#ការពារកោះកុងក្រៅ
#អនាគតឧទ្យានជាតិសមុទ្រកោះកុងក្
សកម្មជនបរិស្ថានត្រូវបានក្លាយជាមនុស្សដែលគេយកទៅកែប្រែជាលើកទីពីរ!!
តើហេតុអ្វីបានជាមនុស្សទាំងអស់នេះ ត្រូវបានប្រព័ន្ធតុលាការចាត់ទុកពួកគេជាអ្នកទោស និងយកទៅរៀនសូត្រក្នុងពន្ធនាគារជាលើកទី២ដូច្នេះ?
សូមបញ្ចេញមតិរបស់ពុកម៉ែបងប្អូនខាងក្រោម🙌🏽
#ដោះលែងសកម្មជនបរិស្ថាន
#ដោះលែងលីចាន់ដារ៉ាវុត
#ដោះលែងភួនកែវរស្មី
#ដោះលែងថុនរដ្ឋា
#ដោះលែងយីមលាងហ៊ី
#ដោះលែងឡុងគន្ធា
«ភ័យនឹងការចាប់ខ្លួន មិនស្មើភ័យនឹងការបាត់បង់ធនធានធម្មជាតិឡើយ»
សារខ្លះៗពីសកម្មជន លោក ថុនរដ្ឋា មុនពេលជាប់ពន្ធនាគារ ដែលបង្ហាញអំពីក្ដីស្រឡាញ់ ទៅលើធនធានធម្មជាតិ ការលើកទឹកចិត្តទៅដល់អ្នកគាំទ្រ និងការប្ដេជ្ញាចិត្តក្នុងការបន្តឆន្ទៈ មនសិការ ស្នេហាជាតិការពារបរិស្ថានទោះបីជាត្រូវជាប់ឃុំ យ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ។
#ដោះលែងសកម្មជនបរិស្ថាន
#ដោះលែងលីចាន់ដារ៉ាវុត
#ដោះលែងភួនកែវរស្មី
#ដោះលែងថុនរដ្ឋា
#ដោះលែងយីមលាងហ៊ី
#ដោះលែងឡុងគន្ធា
ភរិយារបស់សកម្មជន លោកថុន រដ្ឋា ត្រូវបានមន្ត្រីមណ្ឌលអប់រំកែប្រែទី៣នៃខេត្តត្បូងឃ្មុំ មិនអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យចូលចួបសួរសុខទុក្ខស្វាមីឡើយ ក្រោមហេតុផលថា គ្មានលិខិតបញ្ជាក់។
មានវិធីសាស្រ្តច្រើនណាស់ដែលមន្រ្តីអាចធ្វើបានដើម្បីដឹងថាបងស្រីជាភរិយារបស់លោកថុន រដ្ឋា ប៉ុន្តែមន្រ្តីអ្នកគ្មានធម៌មេត្តាឡើយ។ យើងសូមបញ្ជាក់ថាលោក ថុន រដ្ឋា កំពុងមានកូនតូចពីរនាក់ ម្នាក់អាយុ៤ឆ្នាំ និងម្នាក់ទៀតអាយុ៦ខែ។
#ដោះលែងសកម្មជនបរិស្ថាន
#ដោះលែងលីចាន់ដារ៉ាវុត
#ដោះលែងភួនកែវរស្មី
#ដោះលែងថុនរដ្ឋា
#ដោះលែងយឹមលាងហ៊ី
#ដោះលែងឡុងគន្ធា
កាលពីថ្ងៃទី៣ មិថុនា ២០២០ ក្រសួងធ្លាប់បានអះអាងជាសាធារណៈថា ខ្លួននឹងចុះបញ្ជីកោះកុងក្រៅជាតំបន់ឧទ្យានជាតិសមុទ្រឱ្យខានតែបាននៅអំឡុងឆ្នាំ២០២១។ ប៉ុន្តែមកដល់ឆ្នាំ២០២៤ទៅហើយ ក្រសួងបរិស្ថាននៅតែមិនបានធ្វើតាមការសន្យារបស់ខ្លួននោះទេ។ តើមានមូលហេតុអ្វីខ្លះនៅពីក្រោយការក្បត់សន្យារបស់ក្រសួងបរិស្ថានក្នុងការដាក់កោះកុងក្រៅជាឧទ្យានជាតិសមុទ្ររហូតដល់ទៅ៤ឆ្នាំ?
ហេតុអ្វីក្រសួងសន្យាខ្យល់បែបនេះ?
#កោះកុងក្រៅ
#ការពារកោះកុងក្រៅ
តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៤ មកម្លេះ ចំការដូងប្រេង ឧកញ៉ា ម៉ុង ឬទ្ធី បង្ហូរសារធាតុគីមីចូលតំបន់អភិរក្សជលផលព្រែកកំពង់សីលា។ នៅក្នុងការបំពុលនេះ ត្រីជាច្រើនក្បាលងាប់ស្ទើផុតពូជ។ ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋបានពុលដោយសារបរិភោគត្រីងាប់។ ទឹកព្រែកលែងមានត្រីសម្រាប់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋនេសាទបន្តទៀត។ ពួកយើងស្នើសុំឱ្យក្រសួងពាក់ព័ន្ធចាត់វិធានការជាប្រញាប់ ដើម្បីស្តារប្រព័ន្ធអេកូឡូស៊ីក្នុងតំបន់នេះឡើងវិញ។ ម្យ៉ាងវិញទៀត ចំការដូងប្រេង លោកឧកញ៉ា ម៉ុង ឬទ្ធី ត្រូវសាងសង់ប្រព័ន្ធប្រព្រឹត្តិកម្មទឹកឱ្យបានត្រឹមត្រូវ ជៀសវាងការបំពុលទឹកព្រែកនេះនាពេលខាងមុខទៀត។ សូមទស្សនាវីដេអូ Vlog របស់ប្អូនស្រីសុវណ្ណា ដូចខាងក្រោម៖
#ការបំពុលទឹក #ឧកញ៉ាម៉ុងឬទ្ធី #ចំការប្រេងដូង
#ប្រជាជនពុលត្រី
ការព្រួយបារម្ភរបស់យុវជន ទៅលើផលប៉ះពាល់ជាច្រើន ក្រោយពេលរដ្ឋបាលខេត្តកោះកុង អនុញ្ញាត និងបន្តដំណើរការឱ្យមានទីលានចាក់សំរាម ក្នុងដែនជម្រកសត្វព្រៃពាមក្រសោបដោយស្របច្បាប់។
ពួកយើងស្នើឱ្យក្រសួងបរិស្ថានស្ដារឡើងវិញនូវតំបន់ការពារដែនជម្រកសត្វព្រៃពាមក្រសោប និងឈប់យកច្បាប់ហួសដឺឡេធ្វើជាលេសដើម្បីបំភាន់ភ្នែកយើងទៀត។
រោងចក្រចិន កំពុងបង្ករគ្រោះថ្នាក់ឲ្យប្រជាជនប្រឈមនឹងជំងឺមហារីក។ រយ:ពេលជិតបីខែហើយ ដែលរោងចក្រកែច្នៃស្វាយមួយនេះ បង្ហូរសារធាតុគីមីចូលទៅក្នុងស្ទឹង ធ្វើឱ្យប្រជាពលរដ្ឋមិនអាចប្រើប្រាស់ទឹកស្ទឹងនេះបាន។ រឿងនេះនៅតែបន្តកើតឡើងដដែលៗដូចកាលពីឆ្នាំមុន ប៉ុន្តែអាជ្ញាធរ និងក្រសួងពាក់ព័ន្ធនៅតែពុំមានដោះស្រាយអ្វីចំពោះបញ្ហានេះទេ បើទោះជាធ្លាប់បានចុះទៅមើលរោងចក្រផ្ទាល់ក៏ដោយ។
ហេតុអ្វីបានជាមិនខ្វល់ខ្វាយពីសុខភាពប្រជាជនបែបនេះ? ឬក៏អាជ្ញាធរ និងក្រសួងពាក់ព័ន្ធ ត្រូវថ្នាំទិព្វរបស់រោងចក្រនេះរហូតដល់កម្រើកលែងរួចទៅហើយ?
អំពើពុករលួយ គឺជាឬសគល់នៃអយុត្តិធម៌សង្គម ដែលតែងតែយាយីប្រជាពលរដ្ឋខ្មែរជាច្រើនជំនាន់។ ថ្ងៃនេះ ដារ៉ាវុត នឹងលើកយករឿងរ៉ាវថ្មីមួយទៀត ដែលទំនងជាប់ពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងអំពើពុករលួយដែរ។ រឿងនោះគឺរោងចក្រថ្នាំពេទ្យរបស់ចិន បានបង្ហូរសារធាតុគីមីចូលស្ទឹងសង្កែធ្វើឱ្យប៉ះពាល់ដល់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋខ្មែរ ប៉ុន្តែមិនដែលទទួលទោសអ្វីទាល់តែសោះ ខណៈពេលដែលក្រសួងបរិស្ថានខ្លួនឯងផ្ទាល់រវល់ចោទប្រកាន់សកម្មជនបរិស្ថានថាជាក្រុមខុសច្បាប់។ សូមបងប្អូនទស្សនាវីដេអូខាងក្រោម៖
ជំនួសឲ្យការចោទប្រកាន់យុវជន រដ្ឋបាលខេត្តកោះកុង គួរតែហ៊ានទទួលស្គាល់ការពិត ឈប់លាក់បាំងប្រជារាស្ដ្រខ្មែរ និងដោះស្រាយបញ្ហានេះជាប្រញាប់។
#សង្គ្រោះដែនជម្រកសត្វព្រៃពាមក្រសោប
ដូចករណីនេះ ទឹកធ្លាក់រូងប្រចៀវនឹងរលាយខ្ទេចខ្ទី បើក្រសួងនៅតែបណ្តោយឱ្យ ឧកញ៉ាអ៊ុត ធី រំលោភអាជ្ញាបណ្ណ និងកិច្ចសន្យាតាមតែអំពើចិត្តបែបនេះ។
He was violently taken away from us such a long time ago, but Chut Vuthy and his bravery remains forever in our hearts.
#ឈុតវទ្ធី
#ChutWutty
ខ្មែរអាចធ្វើបាន!
ដែនជម្រកសត្វព្រៃពេលនេះក្លាយជាដែនជម្រកសំរាម។
ពួកយើងត្រូវការឃើញភ្នំដែលមានធម្មជាតិ មិនមែនភ្នំដែលពោរពេញទៅដោយកាកសំណល់ និងគំនរសំរាមបែបនេះឡើយ។
អាណត្តិថ្មី រដ្ឋាភិបាលថ្មី ការអនុវត្តច្បាប់នៅតែយ៉ាប់ដដែល!
បង្កើតច្បាប់ដើម្បីចាប់អ្នកបំផ្លាញធនធានធម្មជាតិ តែបើមហាជនមិនទាមទារផ្អើលដល់ទេវតាទេ អ្នកបំផ្លាញនៅតែបំផ្លាញបានតាមចិត្ត។
ដូចករណីនេះ ទឹកធ្លាក់រូងប្រចៀវនឹងរលាយខ្ទេចខ្ទី បើក្រសួងនៅតែបណ្តោយឱ្យ ឧកញ៉ាអ៊ុត ធី រំលោភអាជ្ញាបណ្ណ និងកិច្ចសន្យាតាមតែអំពើចិត្តបែបនេះ។
ស្ត្រី គឺជាអ្នកតស៊ូមតិដ៏មានសក្ដានុពល!
កុំព្រោះតែពាក្យសម្តីអ្នកដទៃ បោះបង់មាតុភូមិកំសត់មួយនេះ។
ពួកយើងក្រោកឈរដើម្បីការពារបរិស្ថាន សិទ្ធិការងារ សិទ្ធិដីធ្លី សិទ្ធិមនុស្ស សិទ្ធិអ្នកស្រឡាញ់ភេទដូចគ្នា។
ពួកយើងទាមទារសិទ្ធិស្មើគ្នា ឱកាសស្មើគ្នាសម្រាប់ស្ត្រី បុរស និងអ្នកស្រឡាញ់ភេទដូចគ្នា។ អ្នកប្ដូរភេទមកជាស្ត្រីក៏ជាមនុស្សដែរ។
ការចូលរួមរបស់អ្នកទាំងអស់គ្នានឹងធ្វើឲ្យប្រទេសកម្ពុជាមានភាពប្រសើរឡើង។ពួកយើងនៅទីនេះជាមួយអ្នកទាំងអស់គ្នា។
និយាយអ្វីដែលអ្នកចង់និយាយ ធ្វើអ្វីដែលអ្នកចង់ធ្វើ សំឡេងរបស់អ្នកជាអំណាច។
While the Ministry of Tourism calls upon well known artists and other social media influencers to create videos and help promote domestic tourism, the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Mines and Energy continue to allow for the destruction of the environment to take place.
Those wanting to pay a visit to Chiphat’s ‘Bat Cave Waterfall’ need to consider wearing a safety helmet, mask, use waterproof overalls, and have skin lotion for the treatment of skin rashes ready if they want to go swimming in its waters.
A quarry mine situated in Koh Kong’s Chiphat eco-tourism area sets a very negative precedent and needs to be stopped. After all, once the destruction of the ‘Bat Cave Waterfall’ has been set in motion, what other places will follow suit?
The Songkae River in Battambang, once known forits beauty, is becoming a river full of garbage. The Ministry of Environment, theoretically in charge of solving this sort of issue, received back in May of 2023 USD 63 Million from the World Bank for waste management purposes. Will the Ministry be able to solve the ongoing crisis affecting this river with such large amount of money?
បានប៉ុណ្ណឹងហើយចង់បានប៉ុណ្ណាទៀត ?
ពួកយើងមានមោទនភាពដែលបានកើតជាកូនខ្មែរ មានធនធានធម្មជាតិមហាសាល ប៉ុន្តែពួកយើងខ្មាសដូនតា ដែលមិនអាចការពារធនធានធម្មជាតិទាំងនេះបាន។
#បញ្ឈប់ការកាត់ឧទ្យានជាតិ
#សូមឲ្យចប់ត្រឹមជំនាន់ពួកយើង
Mother Nature Cambodia has been declared one of the 2023 laureates for the ‘Right Livelihood Award’, generally referred to as the ‘alternative Nobel Prize’. This global prize has been given to us thanks to the efforts of all of us in protecting the natural resources of Cambodia’s, resources which also belong to the whole world. We as Cambodians take pride, and feel honored, in receiving such a well-respected prize.
Three of us have been invited to attend the award ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden, this coming November. However, the three activists are banned from leaving the country without authorization from the court. Through this video, we ask you to stand by our side in asking the court to grant us the right to go and pick up the prize ourselves. Thanks!
Unless citizens get involved in protecting the nation's natural heritage, this very same heritage is bound to be lost.
While the Ministry of Environment continues to ignore its own promise to declare the island of Koh Kong a Marine National Park, we see that increased logging is taking place there.
Who is behind this logging? Can it be considered a blessing, or a curse, that the whole Island is de-facto controlled by a navy leader previously involved in illegal logging?
#SAVEKOHKONGISLAND
On the 17th of July, 2023, the government decided to change the borders of the Peam Krosaob Wildlife Sanctuary, changing the protection status of over 8,000 hectares, from being protected as a 'Wildlife Sanctuary', to being protcted as part of the 'Koh Kapi and Associated Islets' Ramsar site.
Despite this amazing mangrove forest, one of the most important in the whole of South-East Asia, still being nominally protected, MNC is concerrned about its fate, seeing how so many parts of the forest are being illegally (and secretly as usual) turned into private plots of land. MNC calls on the new government of Hun Manet to pay special attention to this unique wilderness, which plays such an important role in terms of carbon capture, fisheries, storm protection for local communities, etc.
What happened that left 2 MNC activists close to tears after delivering a petition to the Prime Minister Hun Sen? Why do staff members in charge of receiving petitions such as the one we delivered treat environmental activists as people outside the law?
MNC hopes that, after our petition - signed by over 130,000 people from many parts of the world - was delivered to both the Prime Minister, the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Environment, Koh Kong Island will finally get the much needed official protection status we have been advocating for so long. Likewise, we also hope that the government starts seeing with different eyes the petitions that are delivered to them by the people on a wide arrange of issues.
On the 10th of July, 2023, MNC activists joined scores of others to mark the 7th anniversary of the assassination of Dr. Kem Ley, one of the country's best known political commentators. Kem Ley, known for his eloquence, bravery, knowledge and intelligence, his assassination in dray broad daylight in a petrol station marked a before and after for the country's pro-democracy movement.
While we are enormously happy knowing that more and more Cambodians are getting to know, and visit, the amazing Koh Kong Island, we also have to share a small concern we have when it comes to waste management there. Let's not forget that no government agency is yet involved in managing sewage, picking up garbage, etc. from local villagers or from visitors to the Island.
Therefore, it falls on all visitors to the Island to take responsibility for this waste, for example by not leaving trash behind.
In late 2022, MNC activists exposed how the river that runs through the center of Siem Reap was suffering from raw water being poured into it. This was despite the fact that the city already has a wastewater plant that's meant to treat this water, built at a cost of USD15 Million. As is usually the case, the Siem Reap authorities decided not to make any public statement about this.
In this video, MNC activists revisit the same places to see if this major environmental issue has been resolved yet.
We have all heard time and again authorities ask those engaged in public protests or events the following question: 'has this event been authorized'?
According to the law, does this type of activity require 'prior authorization' like they claim. MNC activist and law student Mean Lisa explains.
Yet another of Cambodia's national Parks partially carved out (read: sold) for the benefit of a well-connected family. We as citizens have the right to express our views on issues going on in society, such as this one, despite the Ministry of Environment continuing to accuse and smear us without any base.
Protecting the environment is not a crime! The charges of plotting against at least 7 of our activists are not only arbitrary but outright senseless. Why has our country become a place where while the powerful can get away with felling public forests, drug trafficking, filling in beaches, and committing acts of bribery, completely innocent activists such as MNC activists are charged with the crime of 'committing treason'?
The whole of Koh Kong Island has been given out as a so-called concession to the infamous tycoon Ly Yong Phat. We, as Cambodian citizens, are extremely concerned about this beautiful island, the country's biggest, being sold to Koh Kong SEZ Co. ltd, a company belonging to the above mentioned tycoon. It is important to note that Ly Yong Phat has history of evicting people from their land and claiming it for himself, as it has happened in the provinces of Kompung Speu, Koh Kong, etc. Furthermore, he was involved in the dirty business of sand exports to Singapore, which saw USD700 million worth of sand 'missing' fro official government records.
Our demands are that the 'concession' is revoked and that the whole island is declared a protected zone asap.
The Kirirum National Park, visited by so many Cambodians for generations, has been partially privatized and sold to the family of a cronie tycoon, infamous for past destructionnof the country's natural resources.
លោកឈុត វុទ្ធី បើទោះបីជាអ្នកបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតក៏ពិតមែន ប៉ុន្តែវីរៈភាពរបស់អ្នកគឺស្ថិតក្នុងការចងចាំរបស់ពួកយើងដែរជាយុវជនជំនាន់ក្រោយយកធ្វើជាគម្រូភាព ។
#យុត្តិធម៌ត្រូវតែមាន
#ខ្ញុំជាឈុតវុទ្ធី
Koh Kong province is full of potential, with plentiful natural resources such as jungles, beaches, islands, etc. In this video, MNC activist Mean Lisa exposes irregularities happening in the island of Koh Smach, near the protected mangrove forests of Peam Krosaob, and demands answers from the relevant authorities.
Sihanoukille's Ochheuteal beach is beautiful, with quite gentle waves and shallow water, and attracts national and international visitors. Recently, this beloved beach has seen a fence built onto it, making this public beach a de-facto private beach in violation of the law. Even though part of this illegal structure was already removed on 9 February, 2023, much of the fence remains on the beach. On top of that, the owners of this structure is yet to see any legal action against them.
The Tonle Bati lake, 319 ha in size, is known and loved by many. Found right on the border between the provinces of Takeo and Kandal, around 50 kms away from Phnom Penh, it has received visitors from the capital and from across the country for generations. Near the lake, there is also an ancient Khmer temple, yet another remnant of the Khmer kingdom under Jayvarman VII.
In March of 2022, the Hun regime decided to secretly sell 222 hectares of this lake to an individual called Srun Bunleab, of whom close to nothing is known.
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